ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 has increased social distancing and the isolation of elderly people, which brings adverse effects to their physical and mental health. Objective: to study the influence of feelings of loneliness on Cuban elderly people’s mental health (depression, anxiety and sleep disorders) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Observational study of 585 65 year old people and older ones included in the Aging and Alzheimer Longitudinal Study. The interviews were conducted from October 1 to November 30, 2020, during phase 3 of pandemic recovery in Havana province. The geriatric mental state (GMS) was used to identify feelings of loneliness, depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. Results: Was found a high prevalence of feelings of loneliness (29,7 %), depression (37,9 %), anxiety (20,9 %), and insomnia (28,9 %). Loneliness increased the probability of depression, OR= 5,37 (IC 95 % from 3,66 to 7,89), anxiety 0R = 3,60 (IC 95 % from 2,38 to 5,46) and insomnia OR = 2,88 (IC 95 %; from 1,97 to 4,22), the connection remaining significantly in the multivariate analysis. Conclusions. Social distancing and restriction measures during the COVID-19 pandemic have brought negative consequences on elderly people’s mental health and well-being. Further studies are necessary to identify risk factors and develop procedures to reduce the effects of social distancing on elderly people’s mental health in situations like the pandemic and also in periods of normalcy.

RESUMEN Introducción: La COVID-19 ha incrementado el distanciamiento social y el confinamiento de las personas mayores, lo cual tiene efectos adversos para su salud física y mental. Objetivo: estudiar la influencia sobre la salud mental (depresión, ansiedad y trastornos del sueño) de los sentimientos de soledad durante la actual pandemia por la COVID-19 en personas mayores cubanas. Métodos: Estudio observacional en 585 personas de 65 años y más procedentes del Estudio longitudinal Envejecimiento y Alzheimer. Las entrevistas se realizaron del 1 de octubre al 30 de noviembre del 2020, durante la fase 3 de recuperación de la pandemia en la provincia de La Habana. El estado mental geriátrico (GMS), se utilizó en la identificación de sentimientos de soledad, depresión, ansiedad y trastornos del sueño. Resultados: Se encontró una elevada prevalencia de sentimientos de soledad 29,7 %, depresión 37,9 %, ansiedad 20,9 % e insomnio 28,9 %. La soledad incrementó la probabilidad de depresión, OR = 5,37 (IC 95 % de 3,66 a 7,89), ansiedad OR = 3,60 (IC 95 % de 2,38 a 5,46) e insomnio OR = 2,88 (IC 95 %; de 1,97 a 4,22), manteniéndose la asociación de forma significativa en el análisis multivariado. Conclusiones: El aislamiento social y las medidas de restricción durante la pandemia por la COVID-19 han tenido consecuencias negativas en la salud mental y el bienestar de las personas mayores; se necesita continuar estudios que permitan identificar sus factores de riesgo y desarrollar intervenciones para disminuir los efectos del aislamiento social en la salud mental de las personas mayores en situaciones como la actual pandemia y en periodos de normalidad.

ABSTRACT Aging and Alzheimer is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study involving 2944 adults aged ≥65 years from selected areas in Cuba’s Havana and Matanzas Provinces. This door-to-door study, which began in 2003, includes periodic assessments of the cohort based on an interview; physical exam; anthropometric measurements; and diagnosis of dementia and its subtypes, other mental disorders, and other chronic non-communicable diseases and their risk factors. Information was gathered on sociodemographic characteristics; disability, dependency and frailty; use of health services; and characteristics of care and caregiver burden. The first assessment also included blood tests: complete blood count, blood glucose, and liver function, lipid profile and ApoE4 genotype (a susceptibility marker). In 2007–2011, the second assessment was done of 2010 study subjects aged ≥65 years who were still alive. The study provides data on prevalence and incidence of dementia and its risk factors, and of related conditions that affect the health of older adults. It also contributes valuable experiences from field work and interactions with older adults and their families. Building on lessons learned, a third assessment to be done in 2016–2018 will incorporate a community intervention strategy to respond to diseases and conditions that predispose to dementia, frailty and dependency in older adults.

ABSTRACT Dementia is a great challenge to public health in Cuba due to its impact on society and families. Cuba’s National Intervention Strategy for Alzheimer Disease and Dementia Syndromes is designed to address this challenge. The Strategy includes working guidelines for primary and secondary care, education about rights of people with cognitive impairment, professional development, research, and health promotion and dementia prevention. An associated action plan, focused on primary care, includes proposals for creation of memory clinics, day centers and comprehensive rehabilitation services for cognitive stimulation. Short-term measures proposed include increasing early detection; creating a dementia morbidity and mortality registry; promoting professional training; providing support for families; and promoting basic and clinical research on dementia. Medium-term proposals aim to reduce dementia incidence and mortality by controlling risk factors and promoting healthy lifestyles, offering new treatment options and optimizing early detection. A set of indicators has been developed to evaluate strategy implementation. With this strategy, Cuba joins the small number of developing countries that have responded to WHO’s call to improve care for patients with dementia and alleviate its impact on society and families.

OBJETIVO: Em uma população miscigenada de cubanos idosos, estimamos a incidência de demência e a associação entre o genótipo da APOE e os fatores de risco sociodemográficos na incidência de demência. MÉTODOS: Realizamos uma pesquisa de uma fase (linha de base) de todos os idosos com mais de 65 anos residentes em sete áreas de Cuba (n=2944), de 2003 a 2007. O diagnóstico de demência foi estabelecido de acordo com os critérios do DSM-IV e do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi determinado em 2520 participantes. Avaliação da incidência foi conduzida 4,5 anos após a linha de base, a fim de estimar a incidência e associações com fatores de risco sociodemográficos e o genótipo APOE ε4. RESULTADOS: A taxa de incidência de demência foi de 9,0 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC 95% 7,2-11,3) de acordo com o DSM-IV e de 20,5 por 1000 pessoas-ano (IC 95%, 17,6-23,5) de acordo com o 10/66. Idade avançada, história familiar de demência e genótipo APOE ε4 foram fatores de risco independentes para a incidência de demência de acordo com os critérios do 10/66. O genótipo APOE foi associado com a prevalência de demência em estudo transversal, mas o efeito sobre a incidência de demência foi atenuado, e apenas aparente entre aqueles na faixa etária mais jovem. CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de demência na população cubana mais velha é relativamente alta, semelhante às relatadas na Europa e América do Norte. O estudo mostra que a relação entre APOE ε4 incidente e demência é mais forte entre os idosos mais jovens e que esta alteração deve de ser considerada em modelos de demência.

OBJECTIVE: In an admixed population of older Cubans, the incidence and association of APOE and socio demographic risk factors with dementia incidence was estimated. METHODS: A single-phase survey (baseline) of all over 65-year-olds residing in seven catchment areas in Cuba (n=2944) was conducted between 2003 and 2007. Dementia diagnosis was established according to DSM-IV and 10/66 criteria. APOE genotype was determined in 2520 participants. An incidence wave was conducted 4.5 years after cohort inception in order to estimate incidence and associations with sociodemographic risk factors of the APOE ε4 genotype. RESULTS: The incidence rate of DSM IV dementia was 9.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 7.2-11.3) and of 10/66 dementia was 20.5 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, 17.6-23.5). Older age, a family history of dementia and APOE ε4 genotype were independent risk factors for incident 10/66 dementia. APOE genotype was associated cross-sectionally with dementia prevalence, but the effect on the incidence of dementia was attenuated, and only apparent among those in the youngest age group. CONCLUSION: The incidence of dementia in the older Cuban population is relatively high and similar to levels reported in Europe and North-America. The study showed that the relationship between APOE ε4 and incident dementia is stronger in the younger-old than the older-old and that this change must be taken into account in models of dementia.

Introduction: the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) is a brief, rapid test which may be performed in 5 to 10 minutes and is broadly used to evaluate cognitive decline. Objective: characterize subjects with mild cognitive impairment based on results obtained with the mini-mental state examination. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with consecutive subjects aged ³ 50, who were evaluated in consultation at the dementia service of "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central Military Hospital. The 46 subjects included were distributed in two groups: 26 with and 20 without mild cognitive impairment. Results: alterations were found in the areas of Registration, Attention and Calculation and Recall. Registration and Recall were only affected in the mild cognitive impairment group. Total MMSE score was significantly lower in patients with mild cognitive impairment versus the group without the condition. Conclusions: the subjects with mild cognitive impairment were basically characterized by total MMSE scores below normal values and the presence of alterations, mainly in the Recall area, but also in Registration.

Introducción: el miniexamen del estado mental es un test breve y rápido, que puede realizarse en 5 o 10 min y es ampliamente usado para evaluar el declive cognitivo. Objetivo: caracterizar a sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve, según los resultados obtenidos en el miniexamen del estado mental. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a sujetos con edad ³ 50 años, evaluados por su orden consecutivo en la Consulta de Demencia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Las 46 personas incluidas, se distribuyeron en dos grupos: 26 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 20 sin esta afección. Resultados: se encontraron alteraciones en el Registro, la Atención y Cálculo y el Recuerdo. El Registro y el Recuerdo, solamente se afectaron en el grupo con deterioro cognitivo leve. El puntaje total del miniexamen del estado mental fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve que en el grupo sin esta afección. Conclusiones: los sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve se caracterizaron en lo fundamental por tener puntajes en el miniexamen del estado mental por debajo de las cifras normales y presencia de alteraciones, sobre todo en el Recuerdo, pero también en el Registro.

Introduction: age is one of the more studied variables in patients presenting with memory and dementia disorders. Many papers show the protector effect of schooling. Objective: to determine the behavior of age and schooling in subjects presenting with a slight cognitive deterioration. Methods: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted including subjects aged ³ 50, assessed by its consecutive order in dementia consultation of "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central and Military Hospital. The 46 included were distributed into two groups: 26 with slight cognitive deterioration and 20 without such deterioration. Results: the figure of patients with slight cognitive deterioration rose insofar as the cases had a great age. Those with a low schooling level (secondary school concluded or less) had 16.7 times more risk to present such affection than those with a high schooling level(middle or university). Conclusions: the existence of a direct relation between age and the schooling level to the presence of a slight cognitive deterioration.

Introducción: la edad es una de las variables más estudiadas en los pacientes con trastorno de memoria y demencia. Diversos trabajos muestran el efecto protector de la escolarización. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de la edad y la escolaridad en sujetos con deterioro cognitivo leve. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal que incluyó a sujetos con edad ³ 50 años, evaluados por su orden consecutivo en la consulta de demencia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay". Los 46 incluidos, se distribuyeron en dos grupos: 26 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 20 sin deterioro cognitivo leve. Resultados: el número de pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve se elevó en la medida que los casos tuvieron mayor edad. Aquellos con escolaridad baja (secundaria concluida o menos) presentaron 16,7 veces más riesgo de tener dicha afección que los que tenían escolaridad alta (media o universitaria). Conclusiones: se determinó la existencia de una relación directa entre la edad y la escolaridad con la presencia de deterioro cognitivo leve.

The goal of this research was to identify clinic markers as Alzheimer's disease (AD) predictors in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). A longitudinal study was accomplished including patients ranging from 50 year's olds and older, which were divided in two groups (MCI=40 and Controls=26). These patients were recruited from memory clinic-based sample at «Dr. Carlos J. Finlay» Hospital in a period that lasted from November/2003 to July/2006. Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) and three subtest of Wechsler memory scale were applied to all of them. A 20.5% of patients with MCI exhibited conversion to AD. The average time for conversion was 18.12 month. The average age was higher in those that made conversion. Educational level was significantly lower in patients with MCI that made conversion to Alzheimer. Family pathological records were found in 75% of converters patients. Results of MMSE were similar in patients that converted as those that not converted. Mean punctuation of Wechsler subtest was lower in converters patients. Logical memory A, Hard Associative Learning, and Total Score were distinguished as those with bigger predictive value.

El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar marcadores clínicos predictores de Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) en pacientes con Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (DCL). Se realizó un estudio longitudinal que incluyó a pacientes de 50 ó más de edad, divididos en dos grupos (DCL = 40 y Controles = 26). Se recibieron en la consulta de Demencia del Hospital «Dr. Carlos J. Finlay,» entre noviembre del 2003 y julio del 2006. A todos se les aplicó el mini-examen-mental (MMSE) y tres subtest de la escala de memoria de Wechsler. El 20.5% de los pacientes con DCL presentaron conversión a EA. El tiempo promedio de conversión fue de 18.12 meses. El promedio de edad fue mayor en aquellos que convirtieron. La escolaridad fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con DCL que presentaron conversión a EA. Los antecedentes patológicos familiares estuvieron presentes en 75% de los pacientes que convirtieron. El MMSE se comportó similar entre los que convirtieron o no a EA. Las puntuaciones medias de los subtest de Wechsler practicados, fueron inferiores en los que convirtieron a EA; destacándose las obtenidas en Memoria lógica A, Aprendizaje asociativo difícil y puntaje total, como las de mayor valor predictivo de EA.

Alzheimer´s disease not only affects the sufferer but also has a significant impact on the family. The relatives of the sick person are the ones that mostly act as caregivers 24 hours a day. The objective of this study was to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and the level of overburden of the informal caregivers of older adults with mild and moderate dementia. A descriptive study of 75 caregivers of older adults affected by mild and moderate dementia, who had gone to the Cognitive Disorders Department in "Carlos J. Finlay" hospital, was conducted. Some of the sociodemographic characteristics found in this study were: females, the 40-49 years age group, and kinship predominated in the studied caregivers. Besides, they were mostly married and workers; and the caregivers of older adults with moderate dementia evinced higher level of overburden than those of the elderly with mild dementia or at the initial phases of Alzheimer´s disease.

La enfermedad de Alzheimer no solo afecta a la persona que la padece, sino que también repercute de manera muy importante en la familia. Son los familiares cuidadores los que, de forma mayoritaria, se hacen cargo de la atención de estos enfermos con una dedicación de 24 horas. El propósito de este estudio fue describir las características socio-demográficas y el nivel de sobrecarga de los cuidadores informales de adultos mayores con demencia leve y moderada. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo que incluyó a 75 cuidadores de adultos mayores con demencia leve y moderada, que asistieron a la Consulta de Trastornos Cognitivos del Hospital «Carlos J. Finlay». Entre las características socio-demográficas predominaron los cuidadores del sexo femenino, el grupo de edad entre 40 y 49 años y los cuidadores con grado de consanguinidad con el anciano. Además, predominó entre los cuidadores el estado civil casado y la mayoría de los cuidadores tienen vínculo laboral. Además, los cuidadores de los adultos mayores demencia moderado evidenciaron mayor nivel de sobrecarga que los cuidadores de los adultos mayores con demencia leve o en estadios iniciales de la enfermedad.

The minimental state examination is a simple and fast test (five or ten minutes), and is very used to assess the cognitive decline. The aim of present research was to characterize those combatants presenting with a mild cognitive deterioration according the results achieved in minimental state examination. Authors made a cross-sectional prospective and descriptive study in combatants aged ³ 50 assessed by its consecutive order seen in the dementia consultation at "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" Central Military Hospital during 2002-2003. The forty six combatants included were divided into two groups: 26 presenting with mild cognitive deterioration and 20 without this state. We found alterations in register, attention, calculation, and memory. The register and the memory were affected in group with mild cognitive deterioration. Total score of minimental state examination was significantly lower in patients with mild cognitive deterioration than those in the group without it.

El miniexamen del estado mental es un test breve y rápido, que puede realizarse en 5 ó 10 min y es ampliamente usado para evaluar el declive cognitivo. El objetivo de la investigación fue caracterizar a combatientes con DC leve según los resultados obtenidos en el miniexamen del estado mental. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo de corte transversal que incluyó a combatientes con edad ³ 50 años, evaluados por su orden consecutivo en la consulta de demencia del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" durante el período 2002-2003. Los 46 combatientes incluidos, se distribuyeron en 2 grupos: 26 con deterioro cognitivo leve y 20 sin deterioro cognitivo leve. Se encontraron alteraciones en el registro, atención y cálculo y recuerdo. El registro y recuerdo, solamente se afectó en el grupo con deterioro cognitivo leve. El puntaje total del miniexamen del estado mental fue significativamente menor en los pacientes con deterioro cognitivo leve que en el grupo sin deterioro cognitivo leve.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting approximately 8 % of the population over 65 and 30 % of the population over 80 in those countries with a life expectancy at birth as high as ours, with an elevated economic, social and mainly human cost. There is an urgent need to make researches directed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of the disease, to know its risk factors, and to quantify the impact on family and society, which will allow to establish strategies directed to this population and its family. The highest influence on the early diagnosis, the medical attention given to patients and their families and its direct repercussion on the quality of life, will depend on the training and updating of the primary health care team. That's why those aspects connected with the epidemiology and the risk factors, the diagnosis and the current strategies of treatment of this increasing health problem are dealt with in the present review.

La enfermedad de Alzheimer es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa progresiva que afecta aproximadamente el 8 % de la población mayor de 65 años y el 30 % de la población mayor de 80 años, en los países con una alta expectativa de vida como el nuestro, con un elevado costo económico, social y fundamentalmente humano. Existe una necesidad urgente de investigaciones dirigidas a estimar la prevalencia e incidencia de la enfermedad, conocer sus factores de riesgo, así como cuantificar el impacto en la familia y en la sociedad, lo que permitiría trazar estrategias dirigidas a esta población y su familia. La mayor influencia en el diagnóstico temprano, la atención médica a los pacientes y su familia y su repercusión directa en la calidad de vida, dependerá de la preparación y actualización del equipo de atención primaria de salud. Es por ello que en la presente revisión se abordan los aspectos relacionados con la epidemiología y los factores de riesgo, el diagnóstico y las estrategias actuales de tratamiento de este creciente problema de salud.

The most updated concepts of Alzheimer disease epidemiology and impact worldwide were reviewed. Ptential biological markers were described particularly hippocampal formation atrophy, presence of Tau protein and amyloid beta in cerebrospinal fluid, apoliprotein E4 genotype carrier and Alpha 2 macroglobulin. A diagnostic sequence was suggested to study patients with cognitive disorders, and also reference was made to present therapeutical strategies in treating cognitive and behavioral manifestations of this disease.

Se revisaron los conceptos más actuales en relación con la epidemiología y el impacto de la enfermedad de Alzheimer en el nivel mundial. Se describieron los marcadores biológicos potenciales, en particular la atrofia hipocampal, la presencia de la proteína Tau y el beta-amiloide en líquido cefalorraquídeo, así como el ser portador del genotipo de la apolipoproteína E4 y la alfa 2 macroglobulina. Se propuso una secuencia diagnóstica para el estudio de pacientes con trastornos cognitivos. Se hizo referencia a las estrategias terapéuticas actuales en el tratamiento de las manifestaciones cognitivas y conductuales de esta enfermedad.